Adoption Is Not An Expensive Process - 1702 Words

In the US alone, there are over four hundred thousand children without permanent families and over one hundred thousand waiting to be adopted (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). Couples who cannot have children and are looking for ways for to have children can adopt. Children in foster care are alone and in desperate need of someone to love them unconditionally, showing them that no matter what they are wanted. Adoption is one of the ways couples can have children, through the adoption process, couples can rescue a child from a life in the child welfare system, giving them a family and a hope of a better life, even through the contentious issue of interracial adoptions. Adoption Process The first step is figuring†¦show more content†¦faqs) In addition to these rules, the state also has income requirements, but that is not a hard figure, but is based on the results of a home study. Some characteristics that are necessary for adoptive parents to have are, being stable, mature, dependable, and flexible enough to work with the new child and the social worker, along with their family with the new challenges and tasks adoption will bring. After we have figured if we are able to adopt and want to, the next step is to do preservice training. The second step of the adoption process is preservice training. This helps parents understand the struggles and baggage that adopted children may have and how to deal with it. Preservice training involves multiple sessions involving the parties who are adopting. The goals of preservice training are to †¢ Prepare yourself for adopting a child †¢ Create a basis for teamwork between yourself and your agency †¢ Form mutually supportive relationships with other parents and child welfare staff who will be able to help you throughout your adoption journey †¢ Find answers to any lingering questions you might have about if you’re ready to adopt and what type of child you can successfully parent (Applying to Adopt, n.d.) This training is very good for the future parents of adopted children. There is never too much information that a new parent can have, therefore this

Effects Of Substance Use And Abuse - 950 Words

Journals on the Impact of Substance Use and Abuse Even at this age of raised healthcare awareness there are people who still do not understand the real cause of addictions. A review of Lawrence and Melinda Smith’s article, â€Å"Drug Abuse and Addiction,† reveals that by now there is little and scanty information on why and how people get addicted to various types of drugs. There have been several misconceptions and beliefs as to why people actually use or abuse drugs, several explanations have been put forth for this course. A majority of people and writers across the globe simply think that drug abuse and consequent addiction originates from the lack of moral principles or the willpower. They simply think that drug abuse can just be stopped by a choice of behavior change (Saulsbury Blakemore, 2007). As a matter of fact, addiction is a much more complex disease to manage and possibly treat; quitting drug addiction takes the goodwill and intentions and more so a strong will. Lawrence and Melinda Smith’s article, â€Å"Drug Abuse and Addiction,† defines drug addiction as a chronic condition which usually results into relapse of the brain which can eventually lead to both compulsive drug seeking and use. The brain changes lead an addict to a lack of self-control and hamper his ability to resist drug use. This is in line with the consequences of drug use (Barker, 2008). A major consequence of drug use and addiction is that it changes the brain capability to such a way that canShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Addiction : A Meta Analysis1711 Words   |  7 Pagesprimarily dependent of substance tends to affect an individual both physically and psychologically. When reformed, dependency settles in where abuser may have trouble living everyday life without substance sustaining abuser to tolerate the remainder of the day. 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Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing Free Essays

string(129) " the potential to serve as sources of cross-transmission, nurses are likely to more positive towards infection control policies\." Introduction: Developing countries are normally defined as those lacking the level of nationwide industrialization, infrastructure and technological advances normally found in Western Europe and North America. The vast majority of countries in Africa, Asia, Central South America, Oceania and the Middle East fall in this developing category and often face addition challenges in terms of lower levels of literacy and standards of living. Nevertheless, within this broad group, there are various sub-categories, each having different characteristics as well as economic strengths. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed some are relatively wealthy oil exporting nations or newly industrializing world economies; a considerable number are middle income countries. At the end of the development scale lie around fifty very poor nations with predominantly agricultural economies, which tend to be heavily dependent on external aid. From a medical perspective, many developing countries are often characterised by significant health and hygiene issues. Indeed it has been estimated that more than 1 billion inhabitants in these countries do not have access to safe water and even less to basic sanitation (1). Around 1. 5 million children in the developing world die per year; diarrhoea is responsible for more than 80% of these deaths (2). One of the reasons for this state of affairs is the low expenditure and budgetary allocation within the poorer countries of the world towards health. Indeed the proportion of annual expenditure for health related initiatives in many developing countries is often less than 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), sometimes less than 0. 1% (3). Healthcare associated infections in developing countries Unlike more affluent countries, infectious diseases continue to pose a heavy burden of morbidity as well as mortality in developing nations (4). Amongst the more important disease entities are a wide range of respiratory diseases including tuberculosis, various gastrointestinal infections, AIDS and HIV plus a spate of parasitic infestations of which malaria is the most significant. However this situation is not limited to ambulatory settings and is equally relevant within healthcare institutions. Deficient infrastructures, rudimentary equipment and a poor quality of care contribute towards incidences of nosocomial infections which have been estimated to be between 2-6 times higher than those in developed nations (5). In many instances, such figures are often guesstimates because surveillance systems are often either non existent or else unreliable. However, the limited studies on prevalence of healthcare associated infections in some developing countries in the world suggest that up to 40% of these are probably preventable (5). This situation appears to particularly severe within intensive care settings where up to 60 to 90 infections per 1000 care-days have been reported; excess mortality rates in more severe infections such as blood stream and lower respiratory infections approaches 25% in adults and more than 50% in neonates (6). The challenges of infection in healthcare facilities within developing nations is also of a wider spectrum than that normally found in equivalent hospitals in the western world. Numerous publications have highlighted the frequency by which normally community infections, such as cholera, measles and enteric pathogens, spread nosocomially within such institutions (7, 8). In many instances outbreaks are traceable to an index case who would have been inappropriately managed in a background of overcrowding and limited hospital hygiene. Similar cases of transmission have also been reported in the case of respiratory infections including measles (9). Tuberculosis transmission in healthcare facilities is a major occurrence in many African countries as well as parts of Asia and Latin America (10). In many instances this disease is strongly related to the rise of HIV within these same geographical regions and is not uncommonly complicated by increasing prevalence of multi drug resistant mycobacteria. Blood borne infections are not restricted to HIV alone. Hepatitis B remains a major nosocomial pathogen in many hospitals within the developing world (11). More dramatic and life threatening have been outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fevers in institutions within several countries in the African continent (12). Hospitals are also liable to healthcare associated infection caused by more conventional pathogens which, just like in their western counterparts, can carry the additional burden of antimicrobial resistance (4). Unfortunately data on the prevalence of resistance in nosocomial pathogens is poorly documented in the developing world. However recent publications suggest that this may be even more common than in developed countries. Recent publications from the Mediterranean region have highlighted proportions of meticillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus to exceed 50% in several countries in the Middle East with resistance to third generation cephalosporins in E. coli exceeding 70% in some participating hospitals (13). There may be diverse and often complex backgrounds to this epidemiological situation. Factors facilitating transmission and management of nosocomial infections The infrastructure of healthcare facilities in some of the poorer nations often lacks basic requirements for the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases. Inadequate or unsafe water supply together with lack of resources or equipment for affective environmental cleaning is often compounded by significant overcrowding due to inadequate beds to cope with demand (14). There is often lack of strategic direction as well as effective planning for healthcare delivery at both national as well as local levels. A functional sterilisation department is by no means a standard occurrence in every hospital, even in the larger urban institutions. Other areas of concern include poor awareness or knowledge about communicable disease transmission amongst healthcare workers and lack of commitment within senior management (15). This is particularly relevant in developing countries where nurses, doctors and patients are often unaware of the importance of infection control and its relevance to safe healthcare (16). Medical practitioners may have a tendency to be heavily committed towards individual patients and disinclined to think of them in groups, a concept which is the antithesis of basic infection prevention and control (17). They are often unaware of risks of nosocomial infections, attributing such possible developments to be natural or inevitable (18). On the other hand, nurses have more intimate contact with patients and are trained to take care of patients in groups. Although this increases the potential to serve as sources of cross-transmission, nurses are likely to more positive towards infection control policies. You read "Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing" in category "Essay examples" However this is hindered by the comparatively lower status offered to nurses in the developing world and also complicated by a gender bias in environments where emancipation of women has been slow. Attitudes of senior medical staff may further compound the problem through personality clashes, resistance to change or improvement as well as reluctance to work in tandem with other health professionals. Non existent litigation further accentuates lack of accountability at various levels. Furthermore, many patients have limited expectations, already regarding themselves fortunate to have any sort of institutional care and as a result accept a significant degree of morbidity as part of their hospital stay. It must be emphasised that even in the poorer countries, this set of circumstances is by no means universal in all hospitals. It is not uncommon that, even where most of the hospitals in a country lack all these basic requirements, individual institutions (often either private or NGO managed) would be in a position to offer healthcare as well as infection control standards of the highest quality. However it would only be a small minority of patients, often coming from a more affluent background, that would be able to benefit from them. The risks of infection in hospitals within the developing world are not only restricted to the patients who receive care within them. Occupational health is an equally low priority in many of these facilities and, as a result, it is not uncommon for healthcare workers to also be exposed and become infected by pathogens causing healthcare associated infections, including viral hepatitis, HIV and tuberculosis. In such limited resource environments and in situations where medical practice is biased towards intervention rather than prevention, it is not surprising that basic infection control programmes are often lacking, particularly in smaller hospitals in rural areas (18). Even within larger urban facilities, infection control teams, composed of both an infection control nurse as well as doctor, who have been trained and have managerial backup are very much in the minority. They are often restricted to academic institutions, heavily funded government or private tertiary care units. Even where present, these teams tend to encounter numerous logistical obstacles including lack administrative, clerical and IT support. Infection control output therefore tends to be significantly variable; policies and procedures are either absent or lack consultation, evidence base or suitable addressing f local needs. Healthcare professionals also face significant challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease (4). Diagnostic facilities are often lacking. Laboratories may be absent or limited as a result of inadequate resources of both a material as well as human resource nature. Trained laboratory scientists are very much in the minority whereas the impl ementation of quality control programs to ensure validity in the laboratory’s output is not viewed as a crucial. This situation is worsened by possible lack of confidence in the laboratory from clinicians who would prefer to undertake treatment blindly, based only on clinical judgement or recommendations from other countries rather than local epidemiology. One reason for this is the lack of feedback of local resistance data (20). This risks inappropriate treatment which would not properly cover local resistance prevalence patterns. Another major factor hindering the treatment of infectious disease is the presence of poor quality antimicrobials, even counterfeit, with little or no active ingredient within the formulation (21). Addressing the challenge It is therefore clear that in order to improve the effectiveness of infection control in many developing countries, a multifactorial set of initiatives needs to be undertaken that are both feasible as well as achievable in this background of economical and social deficits (15). It is essential that infection control teams increase their presence within hospitals in these regions. These key personnel must be provided with the necessary training as well as administrative support and facilities in order to deliver the required services. Such teams would be able to identify the major challenges and assess relevant risks through tailored surveillance programmes. Surveillance constitutes a challenge in such environments since it is often time consuming and resource dependent (22). In addition it requires a reasonable level of laboratory support. Nevertheless it is possible using simplified definitions of healthcare associated infections, as suggested by the World Health Organisation, to achieve a surveillance programme even with very limited resources (23). Such initiatives need to concentrate on the more serious infections and document their impact in the respective facility. Trained infection control personnel would also be appropriate drivers to eliminate wasteful practices which siphon resources away from truly effective practices. Dogmas include routine use of disinfectants for environmental cleaning, use of unnecessary personal protective equipment such as overshoes, excessive waste management procedures which treat all waste generated in the hospital as infectious. Infection Control teams will be able to spearhead cost-effective interventions based on training of healthcare workers to comply with relevant infection control measures related to standard precautions, isolation together with occupational health and safety. It is possible to achieve significant reduction in the prevalence of healthcare associated infections through low cost measures; interventions aimed at preventing cross transmission of infection are particularly effective. There is no doubt that one of the most cost effective interventions in limited resource environments is improved compliance with hand hygiene. The World Health Organisation has indeed designated improvement of health hygiene within healthcare facilities worldwide as a priority and chose this topic for its first Global Patient Safety Challenge under the banner ‘Clean Care is Safer Care’ (6). A comprehensive set of tools have been tested worldwide in pilot hospitals, the majority of which were in developing countries. The emphasis of this initiative focuses on the availability and utilisation of alcohol hand rub for patient contact situations where hands are physically clean. This is made possible through local manufacture of inexpensive, good quality products according to a validated formula. A multimodal strategy requires these alcohol hand rub containers to be available at point of care and for the staff of the hospital to receive adequate training and education in their use. Hand hygiene practices are monitored and feedback on performance regularly provided to the users. Reminders in the workplace sensitise awareness and belief amongst healthcare workers in general. Infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities within the developing world continues to offer numerous challenges as a result of reduced resources related to socio-economics, infrastructure and human resources. However it is possible to achieve substantial progress even within such challenging circumstances through a programme led by trained and empowered infection control professionals. Such initiatives need to concentrate on low cost, high impact interventions and emphasis on training, backed by interaction and networking with colleagues and societies within the country itself and beyond. References: 1. Moe CL, Rheingans RD. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health. 2006; 4 Suppl 1:41-57. 2. Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:710-7. 3. World Health Organization. Implementation of the global strategy for health for all by the year 2000. Eighth report on the world health situation. Volume 6 Eastern Mediterranean Region. Second Evaluation. World Health Organization. Regional Office Eastern Mediterranean Region, Alexandria, Egypt; 1996. 4. Shears P. Poverty and infection in the developing world: healthcare-related infections and infection control in the tropics. J Hosp Infect. 2007; 67:217-24. 5. Wenzel RP. Towards a global perspective of nosocomial infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1987;6:341-3. 6. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Storr J et al. Infection control as a major World Health Organization priority for developing countries. J Hosp Infect. 2008;68:285-92. 7. Mhalu FS, Mtango FD, Msengi AE. Hospital outbreaks of cholera transmitted through close person to person contact, Lancet 1984; ii: 82–84. 8. Vaagland H, Blomberg B, Kruger C, Naman M, Jureen R, Langeland N. Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal Salmonella enteritidis in a rural hospital in northern Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2004; 4: 35. 9. Marshall TM, Hlatswayo D, Schoub B. Nosocomial outbreaks – a potential threat to the elimination of measles? J Infect Dis 2003; 187:S97–S101. 10. Mehtar S. Lowbury Lecture 2007: infection prevention and control strategies for tuberculosis in developing countries – lessons learnt from Africa. J Hosp Infect. 2008; 69:321-7. 11. Lynch P, Pittet D, Borg MA, Mehtar S. Infection control in countries with limited resources. J Hosp Infect. 2007; 65 Suppl 2:148-50 12. Fisher-Hoch SP. Lessons from nosocomial haemhorragic fever outbreaks. Br Med Bull 2005: 73: 123-137 13. Borg MA, Scicluna E, de Kraker M et al. Antibiotic resistance in the southeastern Mediterranean–preliminary results from the ARMed project. Euro Surveill. 2006;11:164-7. 14. Borg MA, Cookson BD, Gur D et al. Infection control and antibiotic stewardship practices reported by south-eastern Mediterranean hospitals collaborating in the ARMed project. J Hosp Infect. 2008 PMID:18783850. 15. Damani N. Simple measures save lives: an approach to infection control in countries with limited resources. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65 Suppl 2:151-4. 16. Sobayo EI. Nursing aspects of infection control in developing countries. J Hosp Inf 1991; 18: 388-391. 17. Meers PD. Infection control in developing countries. J Hosp Inf 1988; 11: 406 – 410. 18. Ponce-de-Leon S. The needs of developing countries and the resources required. J Hosp Inf 1991; 18: 378-381. 19. Raza MW, Kazi BM, Mustafa M, Gould FK. Developing countries have their own characteristic problems with infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2004; 57:294-9. 20. Borg MA, Cookson BD, Scicluna E; ARMed Project Steering Group and Collaborators. Survey of infection control infrastructure in selected southern and eastern Mediterranean hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13:344-6. 21. Lynch P, Rosenthal VD, Borg MA, Eremin SR. Infection Control: A Global View in Jarvis WR: Bennett Brachman’s Hospital Infections; 2007. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. 22. Damani N. Surveillance in Countries with Limited Resources. Int. J. Infect Contr 2008; 4:1 23. World Health Organisation. Prevention of hospital acquired infections: A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002. WHO/CDR/EPH/2002. 12. How to cite Prevention of Healthcare Associated Infections in Developing, Essay examples

Focusing On Financial Fraud Control

Question: Discuss about the Focusing On Financial Fraud Control. Answer: Introduction to fraud control Modern management team members are faced with numerous global and national issues. Managers are currently crippling with an issue in professional accounting known as financial fraud control. Spicer (2016) states that fraud control is a contextual issue in many organizations which if not addressed it can result to other challenges and problems. Fraud control has become a bigger problematic issue with the growth of financial computerized systems usage, technologies in payments and receipts, and changes in financial legislations have increased more financial risks to organizations. Findings and empirical data have found out that lack of a good fraud control systems can lead to fraudulent financial practices. Financial fraud is an intentional act of manipulation of financial records in order to gain interest from them. Financial fraud can be done by any employee or person regardless of level of management (Ndofor, Wesley Priem, 2015). The financial fraud is well known to be an internal and external problem facing many organizations. Its consequences can vary with severity on organization image and resources. Research shows that organizations lose 5% of its annual revenue through employee financial fraud. In some of the business they have been forced to close due to bad image or loss of resources originating from financial fraud. Other organizations have been crippling badly on IT related financial fraud. It is reported that they lose substantial amount of resources through what is known as cyber-crime (Sthlberg F-Secure Oyj, 2015). Recommendations from company reports show that majority of them they suffer from IT related financial fraud risks because they lack IT systems that can be able to monitor any kind of financial fraud (Cosoi Bitdefender, 2014). The 12th Global survey in 2011 justified that fraud is one of the most contextual issue facing managers in several organizations. Many organizations are posed with questions on how right they need to tackle financial fraud in their systems. The impact originating from fraud related issues is huge making many organizations to employ a substantial number of resources to mitigate or eliminate the risk completely. The dependency syndrome created by several organizations has led many to fail in fraud mitigation and control. A keen observation has shown that organizations depend on the following: third part investigations, use of disciplinary actions, internal investigate mechanisms, and whistleblower hotlines. The dependency syndrome as created a culture of non-ownership of financial fraud control within the organization internal control system (Usman Shah, 2015). Criticisms have been leveled to olden management in matters of financial fraud control. The arguments of such criticisms were that the entire old fraud control was based on dead data (provision of financial control systems after a negative result). Financial records were audited first followed by control formulation from findings and recommendations. Preference of modern financial fraud control management is on the rise in organizations. It involves focusing on using forward looking forensic professional accountants who are supposed to focus on raw financial data and future events to design financial systems for fraud control (Ndofor, Wesley Priem, 2015). Financial forward looking forensic accountants are employed to ensure standards and procedures are in place to prevent frauds before they occur. The focus of this project report is providing knowledge on my course coverage to understand, explain, and recommend solutions on financial fraud control in my work place. Knowledge learnt as the panacea to financial fraud control The need to have an international recognized standard of accounting and reporting as lead to numerous scrutinys from accounting users. This has prompted managers to use accounting science to solve any emerging problem or issue. One of the subjects was on professional accounting learnt in school. It entailed a process of collecting, organizing, presentation and interpretation of business information to end users. Any professional accounting is expected to perform such functions but they need to be guided with certain accounting standards, principles, concepts and assumptions. One section that provides financial checks in accounting is known as financial audit (Verwey Asare, 2016). Fraud detection and prevention are closely related but mean different concepts. Explanation of prevention encompasses training, procedures, and communication of financial fraud from occurring, whereas detection involves techniques and activities which enable organizations to recognize any fraud from occurri ng. It is good to understand the context in which the financial control originates to be able to solve problems related to it (Shao, 2016). Many of the accounting users would accept financial reports if only they have been audited and verified to have met specific criterias. Discussions in class on role of accounting users enabled us to understand the various users of financial reports and criteria they will choose to accept such reports. The negatives of any financial audits usage made it to be discarded and new approach looked upon. Knowledge gained in class discussed a number of fundamental concepts of financial control which included: process, people, and objectives and with reasonable assurance. It means that any financial control should be human oriented involving a well-defined process that focuses on a predetermined outcome (Ramamoorti, Morrison, Koletar, Pope, 2013). All organizations depend entirely on finance, and their performance can be altered badly with a poor financial accounting system. We learnt that the goal of any organization is to have an accounting system that will act as financial check or control system. The goal provides the starting point when formulating a financial control system. There are a number financial frauds learnt in classroom (Marcel Cowen, 2014). There is financial statement fraud which includes a deliberate omission and manipulation of financial statements for own interest. Financial records fraud involves deliberate alterations, falsification and stealing of financial records for certain interests. There are other types of financial frauds that have identified them include: bankruptcy, tax evasion, and violation of legislations governing accounting (Albrecht, Holland, Malagueo, Dolan, Tzafrir, 2015) This represented examples of financial and economic crimes found outside and within the organization. The understa nding and conceptualization of the kind of financial risks is important in identification and management of financial frauds. According to Jain Godha (2014) knowing financial risks is easier way of identifying situations that can lead to financial fraud in workplaces. There certain frauds that have not been highlighted to be major but form part of frauds include; management refusal to apply accounting standards and decisions to manipulate accounting practices. Any financial frauds can lead to wrong disclosures. Knowledge of forensic accounting can form a stronger basis of mitigating and managing financial fraud risks. Jain Godha (2014) stated that the use of forensic accounting techniques is important in work related environment because it fully utilizes knowledge from several disciplines including: accounting, law, auditing and investigative skills that help to identify and solve issues related to financial fraud. The use of forensic accounting will allow a wider dimension of thinking in solving fraud related cases in organizations (Adjaoute Brighterion, 2014). Knowledge learnt opines that financial fraud can vary according to the character, nature and standard of operations. For example financial fraud can be classified based on the person performing the act or by the method employed to carry out the act. On the basis of the persons performing the act it can be an internal fraud if it involves financial fraud committed by employees within the organization or it can be external fraud if it is committed by persons outside the organizations with knowledge regarding organization procedures and systems (Yiu, Xu Wan, 2014). The third class can be mixed fraud that involves employees colluding with persons outside the organization. Classification based on the method employed to carry out the act provides the type of fraud for example stealing, financial manipulation, discrepancies, bankruptcy, and pilferage. Understanding the knowledge on classes of financial fraud is important in mitigation and explaining causes, and consequences of each type of frauds to employees. Popoola, Che-Ahmad Samsudin (2014) opines that through classwork on professional accounting we learnt that all auditors and management should be responsible ensuring financial fraud is managed. The role of a lead person in internal controls is important in providing guidance and direction on ways of managing financial frauds. Any accounting auditor must take the lead to establish an internal fraud control mechanism that will help in guiding financial procedures and activities (Boding, Wood McGirr, 2014). Employees within the organization need to be trained on matters regarding financial frauds this will create a good ethical culture. In project management we were able to learn risk management processes which involved: risk identification, assessments, and mitigations which can be applied in financial fraud management. Earlier signaling and responsive methods be adopted by the management by adopting a risk fraud evaluation and mitigation process. In addition to ensure inclusivity au ditors and management need to create an oversight team, unit or section to address cases of fraud (Campbell, Butler Raiborn, 2014). A good accounting system will prevent fraud and wastage of resources. Understanding the accounting system involves exposure to concepts, standards, procedures and assumptions governing accounting profession. Through knowledge it is necessary for organizations to create whistle blower protection policies that will ensure no victimization and recognition of employees to decisions. Financial audit involves a systematic independent inquiry to ascertain the accuracy of financial reports and processes to provide corrective measures. In organizations financial audits were used as a means of financial fraud control. Internal (within the organization) and external (outside the organization) auditors were employed to provide valuable opinions on accounting records and processes are meeting the expected standards. We were able to learn that during audit a certain process is followed focusing on specific sensitive information and lead areas. The negative findings of an audit were known as queries which were subjected to further justifications and audits (Brazel, Jones, Prawitt, 2013). Every organizations and workplaces are susceptible to financial fraud which means that not all fraud can be prevented or cost effective to try. Knowledge on audit procedures and role is important in formulation of financial fraud policies on how to manage it. It needs organizations to for mulate better cost effective ways to manage financial fraud by coming up with ways of fraud prevention and detection through audit systems (Boding, Wood McGirr, 2014). Financial audits were seen firstly, not to solve emerging problems because of dependency of old financial records. Secondly, not a proper tool in preventing the organization to emerging financial risks. Thirdly, findings of financial audits would be accepted or rejected depending with users approach. Fourthly, negative audit findings have been associated to individuals rather than the process itself. Lastly, financial audits are wastage of time because it takes a substantial time of the audited persons who should be engaging in production. The fear created during financial audits creates a financial check for a short period but is not sustainable. From the knowledge gained of financial audits and negatives of it needs a proposal of a forward looking approach of fraud financial control (Boritz, Kochetova-Kozloski Robinson, 2014). On trying to focus on use of forward looking accounting as a method to solve current issue of systems fraud control managers are faced with other issues which include; relevancy of the process to organization policy, accounting principles and practices, changing organization financial culture, and sourcing the right personnel and resources for the system (Fligstein Roehrkasse, 2016). In additional managers are faced with the changes in technology affecting computerized financial accounting systems usage which makes financial control difficult to implement. One learning outcome in school was to build a professional accountant who would be able to conceptualize financial work problems, and suggest sustainable solutions to problems. Relevancy of strategy to the project The upsurge of financial system fraud in the current global economy as prompted many management in organizations to utilize forensic accounting as become an importance factor to employ. It seen as one of the best method to certain any emerging fraud related cases. The importance of linking legal matters and accounting practices is important in providing users of accounting assurance that issues are safe. Proper strategies done in a different perspective need to be employed to ensure financial fraud is tackled (Li, Yu, Wong, Ngan, 2016). One strategic initiative to be employed in the project is stakeholder participation. There are various stakeholders in organizations who can be users, employees, and management. Stakeholder analysis involved looking each of the parties power, interest and influence then deciding better ways of engaging them in fraud process. Internal control systems in organizations should involve participation by all members. To ensure sustainability and good working culture it is necessary that workers are trained and provided with necessary tools and equipment to tackle matters regarding to fraud. Leading organizations in the world have proper working systems that have embraced better working ethical culture. Participation will involve coming up with an oversight team that will ensure fraud control operations are not personalized but grouped (Kurvinen, Ilkka, Murthy, 2016). Klein (2015) argues that other strategy to be employed in working environment to manage matters of fraud is through capacity building. Dispensing knowledge through trainings is an effective means of tackling financial frauds in working environments. Employees who have been trained and are exposed to types of fraudulent practices can discourage such events. The trainings can take place frequently and not a periodic activity. If training is done continuously it exposes employees to emerging issues to fraudulent practices. It is then becomes an important factor solution to sustainability of fraud practices. Employing the right recruitment procedures is important. Conclusion The use of financial controls becomes a useful purpose in organizations which is designed to detect, prevent and mitigate financial frauds in workplaces. In addition financial controls focus on ensuring financial reporting compliance with required financial standards, laws, regulations and operation efficiency. Financial fraud is a major problem facing many organization this has prompted management of many organizations to look at competitive ways to mitigate and prevent it. It is important for management of organizations to provide other employees with necessary information that enables them to make necessary decisions on financial frauds. The management of organizations is tasked with the responsibilities to set up an internal control system that will provide assurance to financial users that financial fraud can be prevented. In addition the management is task with a responsibility to define each partys roles in mitigating or eliminating financial frauds. Successful working station s are that have proper means of evaluating and identifying risk through risk management techniques. Risk management takes a leading role in ensuring that the business does not suffer from the effects of a financial fraud. Setting priorities, culture, and ethical codes are important channels in ensuring fraud management takes place in a sustainable manner. To ensure that financial control is acceptable to all the relevant stakeholders the course of action need to be justifiable and each party is treated equally in respective of the level of management. Management and employees need to look at management of financial fraud in a wider perspective to ensure a sustainable solution to the problem. Recommendations The project report found the following strategies based on lessons learnt and research findings important in management of financial fraud in work place, and organizations can utilize them. The top management needs to enhance ethical culture of fraud control by ensuring full commitment. The top commitment will become a representation model to other employees to follow. Majority of organizations prefer the use of an enforced corporate code of ethics and use of proactive fraud risk assessments prevention mechanisms becomes useful in identification and fraud control (Rodgers, Sderbom, Guiral, 2015). The management will need to change the attitude of the employees towards auditing process. Internal controls involve likely changing attitudes of the employees towards auditors. In the work place the employees fear the auditors or the auditing process. There have misconceptions that auditing is responsibility of audit team. By ensuring participation through communication that will strengthen employees interest and motivation to work ethically. Any post-investigation research and proper forensic analysis clearly indicate that employees are part of any fraudulent ring. A forensic research policy needs to be implemented in a work place to ensure that a clear financial fraud litigation process is known. It is necessary for organization to employ forensic accounting (auditors) to help in proper forensic research and analysis to facilitate litigation process. It becomes easier taking action before a financial fraud occurs in a workplace (Adjaoute Brighterion, 2014). Observations and listening to employees is helpful in risk identification. It is a clear way to expose things that need to be addressed and to identify financial risks. Management in work place need to take the initiative of spending time observing and listening to their employees in their respective work stations. Risk identification, response and mitigation techniques are important components in ensuring financial fraud risks are well managed. Another best way of managing financial fraud in work places is by segregating duties to various individuals. Segregation of duties involves dividing, allocating work and establishing responsibility to them. The process of segregating duties enhances responsibility and accountability in addition helps in ensuring that a good internal control system is maintained. Another benefit resulting from segregating duties if argued is the spreading of risks to a number of key persons. Better corporate culture is essential in any organization that prevents organizational financial fraud. It creates a good positive working environment that employees are motivated to work on. The corporate culture should ensure that every employee to be responsible to any actions committed. Organizations need have a representative term defining financial fraud among its core values, and outline standards to achieve it. The management within the work place needs to have a regular detection strategy that can be updated and reviewed continuously to adapt to the changing work dynamism. 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